Prosopis juliflora: nutritional value, bioactive activity, and potential application in human nutrition.

Prosopis juliflora is a xerophytic, nitrogen-fixing plant distributed in arid and semi-arid regions. The fruits of this plant are pods, which have seeds inside, and both pods and seeds have high nutritional value and bioactive potential. Different derivatives can be obtained from the pods and seeds: flour, starch, syrup, protein concentrate, and gums. This review aims to gather information from the literature on P. juliflora. It focuses on the nutritional value, bioactive activity, and technological application of pods, seeds, and their derivatives, highlighting their use in human nutrition and new research perspectives. The pod of P. juliflora can be used in several ways, as it has high levels of nutrients. It is used as a food supplement; it has antimicrobial effects and phytochemicals associated with other bioactive activity. Among the pod derivatives, flour is the most studied and can be widely used in bakery products. The seed of P. juliflora also has high nutritional potential and bioactive activity. Among its other derivatives, the gum stands out and can be used for various purposes in the food industry. To expand the use of pods, seeds, and their derivatives in human nutrition, further studies are needed on chemical composition, bioactive activity, toxicity, and nutritional, bioactive, technological, and sensory effects of their application in food products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl) seed press cake flour: production, characterization and application for use in cookies.

BACKGROUND: Food processing produces large volumes of waste that can be transformed into useful and relevant ingredients. The by-product of oil extraction from faveleira seeds is a potentially low-cost raw material that can be used for obtaining functional foods. This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl) seed press cake flour (FSPCF). Additionally, the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and physical, microbiological, and sensory aspects of cookies with 0, 25%, or 50% substitution of refined wheat flour (RWF) with FSPCF (0-FSPCF, 25-FSPCF, and 50-FSPCF cookies, respectively) were evaluated. RESULTS: FSPCF exhibited good physicochemical properties, high antioxidant activity (0.45 ± 0.00 and 42.83 ± 1.30 g TE g-1 for the DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively), and high polyphenol content (particularly gallic acid at 21015.85 ± 4981.76 g kg-1 ) and is also rich in minerals and fiber (359.40 ± 1.10 g kg-1 ). Replacement of RWF with FSPCF increased the activity of antioxidants and the levels of polyphenols, ash, lipids, proteins, and fibers. The 50-FSPCF cookie possessed the highest linoleic acid content (97.50 ± 8.47 g kg-1 ). Flour replacement influenced the weight of the cookies without affecting the other physical characteristics. The cookies yielded good sensory acceptance and purchase intentions. Contamination was not detected. CONCLUSION: Faveleira flour possesses high nutritional and bioactive value and can be used as a functional ingredient in cookies and possibly in other bakery products such as bread, cakes, and pastas. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chemical and biological activities of faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl) seed oil for potential health applications.

Faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) is an emerging Brazilian plant, with seeds rich in edible oil. This study investigates physicochemical properties, chemical composition, thermal and oxidative stability, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of faveleira seed oil. It was observed that the oil has low acidity, value of peroxide, chlorophyll, carotenoids, ß-carotene and high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition to presenting thermal and oxidative stability and high total phenolic content, with vanillin, eugenol and quercetin were predominating. The oil showed no toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and presented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. These findings provide relevant and appropriate conditions for processing of faveleira seed oil as functional food.

Bioactive properties of faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) seeds, oil and press cake obtained during oilseed processing.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature concerning the bioactive properties of faveleira products. This work focuses on the physicochemical evaluation of faveleira oil, as well as it investigates the bioactive properties of faveleira seeds, faveleira oil and the press cake obtained during the oilseed processing. The seeds were cold pressed and the following tests were performed: physicochemical characteristics (acidity, peroxide values, moisture and volatile matter, density and viscosity) and fatty acid profile of faveleira oil; total phenolic and flavonoid content of faveleira seed and press cake; antibacterial activity of seed, oil and press cake; and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide radical scavenging assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity) of seed, oil and press cake. Our work demonstrated that the faveleira seed oil has low acidity (0.78 ± 0.03% oleic acid) and peroxide value (1.13 ± 0.12 mEq/1000g), associated with the relevant concentration of linoleic acid (53.56%). It was observed that important phenolics (398.89 ± 6.34 mg EAG/100 g), especially flavonoids (29.81 ± 0.71 mg RE/g) remain in the press cake, which indicates that the by-product of the faveleira oilseed production constitutes a rich residual source of bioactive compounds. No bacterial growth inhibition was detected, but all samples including faveleira seeds, press cake, oil and its fractions have potent antioxidant activities, mainly the press cake, with oxygen radical absorbance capacity of 28.39 ± 4.36 µM TE/g. Our results also show that faveleira oil has potential to be used as edible oil and the press cake should be used to contain the most antioxidants from seed.

Determinação de vitamina E na castanha de caju e sua relação com a recomendação nutricional em humanos / Determination of vitamin E in cashew and its relation to the nutritional recommendations in humans

O alfa-tocoferol é a forma biologicamente mais ativa da vitamina E. Sua principal função está associadaà capacidade antioxidante, que protege as membranas celulares dos danos ocasionados pelos radicaislivres. Pela importância da ingestão adequada desta vitamina e pela escassez de dados brasileirossobre seu teor nos alimentos, no presente estudo foi determinada a concentração de alfa-tocoferol emcastanhas de caju e o valor obtido foi comparado ao requerimento nutricional em vitamina E. Foramanalisadas quatro marcas de castanhas de caju torradas, obtidas em supermercados de Natal/RN. Oalfa-tocoferol das amostras foi obtido pela extração lipídica e sua determinação foi realizada por meiode CLAE. Os valores da concentração de alfa-tocoferol nas castanhas analisadas foram expressosem média e desvio padrão. A concentração média de alfa-tocoferol em 100 g de castanha de cajutorrada foi de 0,96 ± 0,12 mg. A quantidade desta vitamina contida na porção média de castanha decaju consumida pela população entrevistada foi correspondente a 3,6 % do requerimento nutricionaldiário em vitamina E. Conclui-se que as castanhas torradas analisadas não podem ser consideradascomo boas fontes de alfa-tocoferol, em virtude de não terem atingido a porcentagem de 10 a20 % do requerimento nutricional diário.

[Alpha-tocopherol level in serum and colostrum of breastfeeding women and association with maternal variables]. / Níveis de alfa-tocoferol no soro e colostro de lactantes e associação com variáveis maternas.

PURPOSE: To determine the nutritional status of vitamin E in breastfeeding women through the analysis of alpha-tocopherol concentration in serum and colostrum, to analyze its relation with maternal variables and to determine the prevalence of vitamin E deficiency in these women. METHODS: The study included 103 mothers who were classified according to maternal variables: age, nutritional status before pregnancy, gestational weight gain, parity and mode of delivery. Colostrum and serum samples were collected under fasting conditions in the immediate postpartum period. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A serum cutoff of 697.7 µg/dL was adopted to define the nutritional status of vitamin E. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t test for independent samples and Pearson's correlation. Differences were significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: The average concentration of alpha-tocopherol was 1.125±551.0 µg/dL in colostrum and 1,138.6±346.0 µg/dL in serum, indicating adequate biochemical nutritional status. However, when analyzing the mothers individually, a 16% rate of subclinical vitamin E deficiency was detected. Women undergoing cesarean delivery had significantly higher alpha-tocopherol levels in colostrum (1.280±591 µg/dL) compared with those undergoing normal delivery (961.7±370 µg/dL) (p<0.05). It was found that mothers who were overweight before pregnancy had higher vitamin concentration in colostrum (1,331.5±548 µg/dL) when compared to underweight women (982.1±374 µg/dL) or women of normal weight (992.3±346 µg/dL) (p<0.05). However, the other variables were not associated with alpha-tocopherol in colostrum. Moreover, no variable showed association with vitamin E levels in maternal serum and no correlation was demonstrated between the alpha-tocopherol levels in serum and in milk. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the diagnosis of satisfactory nutritional status, breastfeeding women showed significant risk of subclinical vitamin E deficiency. We suggest that the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum be associated with type of delivery and pre-gestational nutritional status of women.

Níveis de alfa-tocoferol no soro e colostro de lactantes e associação com variáveis maternas / Alpha-tocopherol level in serum and colostrum of breastfeeding women and association with maternal variables

OBJETIVOS: Diagnosticar bioquimicamente o estado nutricional de vitamina E de lactantes por meio da análise do alfa-tocoferol no soro e no colostro, verificar sua associação com variáveis maternas e determinar a prevalência de deficiência de vitamina E nessas mulheres. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 103 puérperas que foram classificadas quanto às seguintes variáveis maternas: idade, estado nutricional pré-gestacional, ganho de peso gestacional, paridade e tipo de parto. Amostras de soro e colostro foram coletadas em jejum no pós-parto imediato e o alfa-tocoferol foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para definir o estado nutricional de vitamina E, foi adotado ponto de corte sérico (697,7 μg/dL). A análise estatística foi realizada com o uso do teste t de Student para amostras independentes e correlação de Pearson. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A concentração média de alfa-tocoferol foi 1.125,1±551,0 μg/dL no colostro e 1.138,6±346,0 μg/dL no soro, indicativo de estado nutricional bioquímico adequado. Entretanto, ao analisar as puérperas individualmente, constatamos que 16% apresentaram valores abaixo do esperado para esta vitamina. As mulheres submetidas à cesárea apresentaram níveis de alfa-tocoferol no colostro (1.280±591 μg/dL) significativamente maiores em relação àquelas cuja via de parto foi a normal (961,7±370 μg/dL) (p<0,05). Verificou-se que as parturientes com excesso de peso pré-gestacional tiveram concentração da vitamina no colostro maior (1.331,5±548 μg/dL) quando comparadas às mulheres com baixo peso (982,1±374 μg/dL) ou eutrofia (992,3±346 μg/dL) (p<0,05). Entretanto, as demais variáveis estudadas não apresentaram associação com o alfa-tocoferol do colostro. Além disso, nenhuma variável mostrou estar relacionada aos níveis da vitamina no soro materno e não foi demonstrada correlação entre os níveis de alfa-tocoferol no soro e no leite. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar do diagnóstico de satisfatório estado nutricional, as lactantes apresentaram risco importante de deficiência subclínica para vitamina E. Sugere-se que a concentração de alfa-tocoferol presente no colostro esteja associada ao tipo de parto e ao estado nutricional pré-gestacional da mulher.

PURPOSE: To determine the nutritional status of vitamin E in breastfeeding women through the analysis of alpha-tocopherol concentration in serum and colostrum, to analyze its relation with maternal variables and to determine the prevalence of vitamin E deficiency in these women. METHODS: The study included 103 mothers who were classified according to maternal variables: age, nutritional status before pregnancy, gestational weight gain, parity and mode of delivery. Colostrum and serum samples were collected under fasting conditions in the immediate postpartum period. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A serum cutoff of 697.7 μg/dL was adopted to define the nutritional status of vitamin E. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t test for independent samples and Pearson's correlation. Differences were significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: The average concentration of alpha-tocopherol was 1.125±551.0 μg/dL in colostrum and 1,138.6±346.0 μg/dL in serum, indicating adequate biochemical nutritional status. However, when analyzing the mothers individually, a 16% rate of subclinical vitamin E deficiency was detected. Women undergoing cesarean delivery had significantly higher alpha-tocopherol levels in colostrum (1.280±591 μg/dL) compared with those undergoing normal delivery (961.7±370 μg/dL) (p<0.05). It was found that mothers who were overweight before pregnancy had higher vitamin concentration in colostrum (1,331.5±548 μg/dL) when compared to underweight women (982.1±374 μg/dL) or women of normal weight (992.3±346 μg/dL) (p<0.05). However, the other variables were not associated with alpha-tocopherol in colostrum. Moreover, no variable showed association with vitamin E levels in maternal serum and no correlation was demonstrated between the alpha-tocopherol levels in serum and in milk. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the diagnosis of satisfactory nutritional status, breastfeeding women showed significant risk of subclinical vitamin E deficiency. We suggest that the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum be associated with type of delivery and pre-gestational nutritional status of women.

Análise da concentração de retinol sérico em lactantes com e sem diabetes mellitus gestacional atendidas em uma maternidade pública da cidade de Natal, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Analysis of serum retinol levels in nursing mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus attended in a public maternity hospital in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil

A vitamina A é essencial em todos os estágios da vida, sendo ainda mais importante durante a gestação e a lactação. Indivíduos com diabetes mellitus têm sido considerados como um grupo em risco de apresentar deficiência em vários micronutrientes e compostos relacionados, como as vitaminas A, E e C. Em concordância, mulheres com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) também têm sido apontadas como um grupo em risco de apresentar níveis reduzidos de vitamina A. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o retinol no soro de lactantes não diabéticas e com DMG atendidas na Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco, na cidade de Natal. Foram coletadas amostras de soro de 85 parturientes, das quais 16 eram portadoras de DMG. O retinol no soro foi quantificado por meio da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os resultados foram expressos em média e desvio padrão, sendo encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos com e sem DMG, que apresentaram concentrações de 33,1 ± 12,5 µg/dL e 41,2 ± 11,1 µg/dL, respectivamente. Embora não se tenha elucidado o mecanismo responsável pelas alterações nos níveis de vitamina A na presença do diabetes, sabe-se que o metabolismo do retinol está fisiologicamente associado à função das células-β e, por isso, em condições de anormalidade na secreção de insulina, poderá haver alterações nas concentrações de RBP sérica e, por conseguinte, de retinol. Esses resultados alertam para a necessidade do monitoramento dessa vitamina durante a gestação, principalmente na gestação acompanhada por diabetes mellitus, a fim de prevenir a instalação de outras complicações patológicas para a mãe e para o seu lactente.

Vitamin A is essential in all stages of life, especially during pregnancy and lactation. Individuals with diabetes mellitus have been considered as a group at risk of showing deficiency of micronutrients and related compounds, such as vitamins A, E, and C. Accordingly, women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have also been identified as a group at risk of presenting low levels of vitamin A. This study aimed to compare the serum retinol of nursing women with and without GDM attended at Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco, in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Sera from 85 mothers were collected, of which 16 had DMG. The serum retinol was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. The results were expressed by its mean and standard deviation, which presented significant differences in concentration between groups with and without GDM: the concentration levels were of 33.1 ± 12.5 μg/dL and 41.2 ± 11.1 μg/dL, respectively. Although the mechanism responsible for changes in the levels of vitamin A in patients with diabetes has not been elucidated, it is known that the metabolism of retinol is physiologically associated with the β-cell function; consequently, when abnormalities in insulin secretion are observed, there might be changes in the concentration of retinol-binding protein and, therefore, retinol in serum. These results show the importance of monitoring the levels of this vitamin during pregnancy, especially when the mother has diabetes mellitus, to prevent other pathological complications in her and the infant.